วันพุธที่ 12 มกราคม พ.ศ. 2554

Comparatives & Superlatives


Comparatives & Superlatives
What’s your function?
A comparative compares two items.
nicer, cooler, meaner
A superlative compares three items.
nicest, coolest, meanest
They can be used as adjectives.
small
fast
great
long
much
good
Comparatives & Superlatives as Adverbs


The comparative will modify verbs that compare the actions of two items.
earlier, farther
The superlative will modify verbs that compare the actions of three or more items.
earliest, farthest
Examples
Frank will arrive early in the morning. (positive or basic form)
Josh arrived earlier in the morning. (comparative)

Samuel arrived the earliest to the concert. (superlative)
*Superlatives can also modify adjectives that compare qualities.
MAKING COMPARISONS
Comparative adjectives
One-syllable adjectives normally have comparatives ending in -er:                    
               Old    -   older       cheap   -    cheaper
        Two-syllable adjectives can have -er, especially ending in an unstressed vowel.
               Narrow  - narrower   clever  - cleverer  
Longer adjectives
Adjectives of three or more syllables have more:
beautiful   - more beautiful
difficult    - more difficult
Two-syllable adjectives ending in -ing, -ed, ful, and -less:
tired  -  more tired     boring  - more boring  
Superlative adjectives
One syllable adjectives normally have ending -est:
old   - oldest     cheap    -    cheapest
Some two-syllable adjectives are similar:
narrow   -   narrowest
clever     -   cleverest
Longer adjectives
Adjectives of three or more syllables have most:
beautiful    -    most beautiful
difficult     -    most difficult
Two-syllable adjectives ending in -ing, -ed, -ful and -less:
tired - most tired       boring  -  most boring
 Irregular forms
Adjective     Comparative     Superlative
good              better                best
bad                 worse               worst
ill                   worse
far                  farther /            farthest /  
                      further              furthest
old                 older / elder      oldest /eldest
Spelling tips
Adjectives ending  in  -e: + -r, -st.
late - later - latest
One vowel + one consonant: double consonant.
big - bigger - biggest
Adjectives ending in -y have -ier and -iest.
happy - happier -happiest
Structures
 Equality:
My cat is as old as your dog.
Inequality:
Your car runs faster than mine.
This girl is less naughty than that boy.
Change the sentences using superlatives
She`s very kind.  -   Yes, she`s the kindest person I know.
It`s a very beautiful park. -
He`s very polite. -
This coat is very expensive. -
She`s very tall. –
Change the sentences using superlatives
She`s very kind.  -   Yes, she`s the kindest person I know.
It`s a very beautiful park. - Yes, it`s the most beautiful park I know.
He`s very polite. - Yes, he`s the politest person I know.
This coat is very expensive. - Yes, this is the most expensive coat I know.
She`s very tall. - Yes, she`s the tallest person I know.

  
 

 
 

 



วันเสาร์ที่ 18 ธันวาคม พ.ศ. 2553

imperative sentence

The Imperative Sentence

Learn About It
The word "imperative" is derived from the term "emperor". Emperors gave commands, and imperative sentences are commands. Imperative sentences consist of predicates that only contain verbs in infinitive form; verb phrases are not allowed. Imperative sentences are generally terminated with an exclamation mark instead of a period.
<Imperative Sentence> = <predicate> = <verb> <complement>
Examples:
Spend the money!
Go to your room!
Look in the drawer of the dresser.

An imperative sentence gives a command. It usually end with a period, but it may also end with an exclamation point (!).
Commands ask or tell people to do something.
"Please pass the salt." is a command, that does not sound as commanding as, "Get out of my way!" But, both of these sentences are imperatives because they are both asking or telling someone to do something.

Finding the Subject

This may sound strange, but every single command has the same subject! Yikes! How is that even possible?
Well, since commands are always speaking to someone or something (you've got to address them if you're going to ask them to do something), the subject is always the word you.
You may have noticed, the word "you" is not even in a command. Because of this, the subject is actually called you understood, and it is written like this: (you)
This means that the subject is the word you, but since it is not written or spoken in the sentence, it is understood and is therefore in parentheses.
ImperativeSubject
Please find my yellow leotard.(you)
Shut the door!(you)
Be there at 5:00.(you)


Wash the car.

Clean up your room.

Martin, report to the counselor.
Please donate to the community charity fund.
We say that sentences must have a subject and a verb. Note that some of the above sentences do not seem to have a subject. The subject is implied, and the implied subject is you. You wash the car. You clean up your room. You is a second person pronoun. It isn't possible to make a command statement in first person or third person
imperative sentence examples
  • It must have seemed imperative that the co-operation and goodwill of the profession be regained, as without it the Scheme must founder.
  • It emphasizes the military imperative of stabilizing Baghdad and lower expectations about a democratic polity along Western lines.
  • Nothing has any point - except of course the categorical imperative.
  • This is a compound sentence consisting of three independent clauses, all with imperative verbs.
  • Securing a place to work, however small or improvised, seemed imperative to me during my final year at college.
  • This spiritual dimension addresses the gospel imperative for equity and compassion among all peoples.
  • The very nature of the relations makes it absolutely imperative that every victim of unlawful appetite, in whatever direction, shall totally abstain.
  • Leaders have a moral imperative to develop the next generation of school leaders.
  • A further, far more detailed and specified development of these principles is an imperative necessity.
  • Thus it became imperative to relate the seaman's guess logged in Beaufort numbers to the wind speed in knots.
  • It is therefore imperative to include all names of jointly liable people from the start.
  • Reasons for action which are contingent in this way on desires and inclinations are furnished by what Kant called hypothetical imperatives.
  • The Organizational function often belongs grammatically to the imperative mood.
  • Moreover, there is an ethical imperative not to destroy the wonderful diversity of life on Earth.
  • The module will include an in-depth study of a declarative language through a significant programming application, contrasting it with the imperative paradigm.
  • The " pedagogical imperative " includes the obligation to inquire into the consequences of one's work with students.
  • In the context of imperative programming, the emphasis shifts from describing control flow to describing interacting objects.
  • Examples of the management of change under the technological imperatives we were subjected to were few, apart maybe from the Carnegie Mellon initiatives.
  • An abstract machine for the execution of the imperative language.
       An imperative sentence gives a direct command to someone -- this type of sentence can end either with a period or with an exclamation mark, depending on how forceful the command is:
Sit!
Read this book for tomorrow.
You should not usually use an exclamation mark with the word "please":
Wash the dishes!
Please wash the dishes.
Normally, you should not use imperative sentences in academic writing. When you do use an imperative sentence, it should usually contain only a mild command, and thus, end with a period:
imperative exercises > LET´S!!

Choose the correct sentences and write them in the white boxes:
 Let's drink some water -  Let's clean his car - Let's buy a cake for her- 
Let's go to the cinema - Let's buy one ticket for you and one for me - 
Let's watch TV - Let's do some exercise - Let's sit on that bench - 
Let's dance - Let's eat a sandwich - Let's look at the calendar -  
Let's telephone her -Let's take an umbrella -   Let's close the window -   
It's very cold here.                                             

It's very hot. I am thirsty.                                  

I haven't visited Granny this week.                   

Dad's car is very dirty.                                        

It's mum's birthday today.                                 

It's raining. We can't play outside.                    

I want to see the film "Avatar".                          

What's the date today?                                         

It's raining.                                                            

We are going to Oxford by bus.                           

I like this music a lot and I feel so happy...       

I am tired of walking around the park.               

I want to be healthy and fit                                  

I am so hungry                                                       



              
        
English Exercises > imperative exercises > Love me by Justin Bieber - Imperative
Complete with the correct verb in the imperative form.
Love me
by Justin Bieber
My friends say I'm a fool to think that you're the one for me I guess I'm just a sucker for love 'Cause honestly the truth is that you know I'm never leavin' 'Cause you're my angel sent from above Baby, you can do no wrong My money is yours, give you a little more because I love ya, love ya With me, girl, is where you belong Just right here, I promise my dear I'll put nothin' above ya, above ya me, me, that you love me  me, me, oh how you do me  me, me,  that you miss me me what I wanna hear, me you love me X2 People try to tell me, but I still refuse to listen 'Cause they don't get to spend time with you A minute with you is worth more than a thousand days without your love Oh your love, oh Baby, you can do no wrong My money is yours, give you a little more because I love ya, love ya With me, girl, is where you belong Just stay right here, I promise my dear I'll put nothin' above ya, above ya me, me, that you love me  me, me, oh how you do me  me, me,  that you miss me me what I wanna hear, me you love me X2 My heart is blind, but I don't care 'Cause when I'm with you, everything has disappeared And every time I hold you near I never wanna let you go, oh me, me, that you love me  me, me, oh how you do me  me, me,  that you miss me me what I wanna hear, me you love me X2
English Exercises > imperative exercises > IMPERATIVE
IMPERATIVE
PERSON
AFFIRMATIVE
NEGATIVE
I
          X
                     X
YOU
the pronoun you* isn´t used
be quiet
stay here
 It can be used with always
Always review you compositions
*you is used when we are distributing
you do this, you do that
you is used when YOU  insit on the action(rudeOR POLITE IT DEPENDS ON THE CONTEXT)
you keep them
Do is used before an affirmative verb if I want to insist)
Do sit down.
the pronoun you* isn´t used
don´t be silly
don´t stay here

It can be used with never

Never open this door
HE,SHE,THEY
We use Let or May+infinitive
Let for orders:
Let him know

May for wishes

May the force go with you
It can be used with somebody,everybody:
Somebody* help me
Everybody* help me
We use Let +infinitive
Let for orders:
Don´t let him know

It can be used with nobody:
Nobody* move

*remember this is not simple present
WE
Let us=,Let´s
Let´s stay for a while
Do let´s stay for a while*
*reinforcement
Let us not,Let´s not
Let´s not stay here
Don´t lets stay here*
*reinforcement
1.-USE AN IMPERATIVE TO CHANGE THESE SENTENCES
1. Achiles´soldiers must attack 
2.Nobody must leave
3.Somebody should phone an ambulance
4.Helen must come here
5.They shouldn´t  go now.
6.Somebody should say something
7.Nobody should say anything
8.A doctor should see him
9.I wish it snowed
10.He should rest.
11.-Why don´t you come and visit me
12.-It would be nice you could bring the children(INSIST)
13.-I´m very interested in this house we should buy it
14.-We should solve this as soon as possible(INSIST)
15.-Everybody must stay in here

วันศุกร์ที่ 10 ธันวาคม พ.ศ. 2553

Present Simple Tense

Simple Present Tense

  I sing     

How do we make the Simple Present Tense?

subject+auxiliary verb+main verb
  do base       
 I have breakfast with my family.
There are three important exceptions:
  1. For positive sentences, we do not normally use the auxiliary.
  2. For the 3rd person singular (he, she, it), we add s to the main verb or es to the auxiliary.
  3. For the verb to be, we do not use an auxiliary, even for questions and negatives.

Look at these examples with the main verb like:
 subjectauxiliary verb main verb 
+I, you, we, they
 likecoffee.
He, she, it
 likescoffee.
-I, you, we, theydonotlikecoffee.
He, she, itdoesnotlikecoffee.
?DoI, you, we, they likecoffee?
Doeshe, she, it likecoffee?
Look at these examples with the main verb be. Notice that there is no auxiliary:
 subjectmain verb  
+Iam French.
You, we, theyare French.
He, she, itis French.
-Iamnotold.
You, we, theyarenotold.
He, she, itisnotold.
?AmI late?
Areyou, we, they late?
Ishe, she, it late?

How do we use the Simple Present Tense?

We use the simple present tense when:
  • the action is general
  • the action happens all the time, or habitually, in the past, present and future
  • the action is not only happening now
  • the statement is always true
John drives a taxi.
pastpresentfuture

It is John's job to drive a taxi. He does it every day. Past, present and future.
Look at these examples:

  • I live in New York.
  • The Moon goes round the Earth.
  • John drives a taxi.
  • He does not drive a bus.
  • We meet every Thursday.
  • We do not work at night.
  • Do you play football?
Note that with the verb to be, we can also use the simple present tense for situations that are not general. We can use the simple present tense to talk about now. Look at these examples of the verb "to be" in the simple present tense - some of them are general, some of them are now:
Am I right?
Tara is not at home.
You are happy.
pastpresentfuture

The situation is now.
 
I am not fat.
Why are you so beautiful?
Ram is tall.
pastpresentfuture

The situation is general. Past, present and future.

Examples:
 
  • I play tennis.
  • She does not play tennis.
  •  
  • Does he play tennis?
  • The train leaves every morning at 8 AM.
  • The train does not leave at 9 AM.
  • When does the train usually leave?
  • She always forgets her purse.
  • He never forgets his wallet.
  • Every twelve months, the Earth circles the Sun.
  • Does the Sun circle the Earth?
Exercise
http://conteni2.educarex.es/mats/14453/contenido/ 
http://a4esl.org/q/h/lb/psv.html 
http://perso.wanadoo.es/autoenglish/gr.presim.p.htm 
                                                 http://www.learnenglish.de/Games/Tenses/SimplePres.htm