Auxiliary verb

 

Definition: Auxiliary verbs are used together with a main verb to give grammatical information and therefore add extra meaning to a sentence, which is not given by the main verb.
Be, Do and Have are auxiliary verbs, they are irregular verbs and can be used as main verbs.
Modal verbs are also auxiliary verbs, but will be treated separately, these are can, could, may, might, must, shall, should, will, and would.
To be: Be is the most common verb in the English language. It can be used as an auxiliary and a main verb. It is used a lot in its other forms.

Present tense form	Past tense form
am/is/are	was/were

Uses:

Am/Is/Are:

Question	Positive Statement	Negative Statement
Singular
Am I?	I am (I'm)	I am not (I'm not)
Are you?	You are (You're)	You are not (You're not/You aren't)
Is he/she/it?	He/she/it is (He's/She's/It's)	He/she/it is not (He/she/it isn't// He/she/it's not)
Plural
Are we?	We are (We're)	We are not (We aren't/We're not)
Are you?	You are (You're)	You are not (You aren't/You're not)
Are they?	They are (They're)	They are not (They aren't/They're not)

Examples:

	Am/Are	Is
Question - ?	"Am I disturbing you?"	"Is this your coat"
Positive Answer - Yes	"Yes you are."	"Yes it is"
Negative Answer - No	"No you're not."	"No it isn't"

Note: The auxiliary verb 'be' can be followed either by the -ed form or by the -ing form.

To do: The verb do is one of the most common verbs in English. It can be used as an auxiliary and a main verb. It is often used in questions.

Uses:

Do / Does

Question	Positive Statement (spoken)	Negative Statement (spoken)
Singular
Do I?	I do	I do not (I don't)
Do you?	You do	You do not (You don't)
Does he/she/it?	He/she/it does	He/she/it does not (He/she/it doesn't)
Plural
Do we?	We do	We do not (We don't)
Do you?	You do	You do not (You don't)
Do they?	They do	They do not (They don't)

Examples:

	Do	Does
Question - ?	"Do you always take the bus to work?"	"Does she ever do her homework on time?"
Positive Answer - Yes	"Yes I do."	"Yes she does."
Negative Answer - No	"No I don't."	"No she doesn't."

Note: The auxiliary verb 'do' is always followed by the base form (infinitive).

To have: Have is one of the most common verbs in the English language. Have is used in a variety of ways.

Uses:

Have/Has

Question	Positive Statement (spoken)	Negative Statement (spoken)
Singular
Have I?	I have (I've)	I have not (I haven't/I've not)
Have you?	You have (You've)	You have not (You haven't/You've not)
Has he/she/it?	He/she/it has (He/she/it 's)	He/she/it has not (He/she/it hasn't)
Plural
Have we?	We have (We've)	We have not (We haven't/We've not)
Have you?	You have (You've)	You have not (You haven't/You've not)
Have they?	They have (They've)	They have not (They haven't/They've not)

Have is often used to indicate possession (I have) or (I have got).

Examples:

	Have	Have got
Question - ?	"Do you have a car?" or "Have you a car?"	"Have you got a car?"
Positive Answer - Yes	"Yes I have a car."	"Yes I've got a car."
Negative Answer - No	"No I don't have a car."	"No I haven't got a car."

Have is also used to indicate necessity (I have to) or (I have got to).

	Have to	Have got to
Question - ?	"Do you have to leave early?"	"Have you got to leave early?"
Positive Answer - Yes	"Yes I have to." or "Yes I do"	"Yes I've got to."
Negative Answer - No	"No I don't have to."	"No I haven't got to."

Have is used to show an action.

Question - ?	"Have you washed your face?"
Positive Answer - Yes	" Yes I have."
Negative Answer - No	" No I haven't."

Note: When showing an action the auxiliary verb 'have' is always followed by the past participle form. 

  Exercise 1  
 Exercise 2  
 Exercise 3   

More Information   http://www.arts.uottawa.ca/writcent/hypergrammar/auxvb.html 
 http://www.learnenglish.de/grammar/verbaux.htm 
http://www.grammarforteachers.co.uk/Guide/Verbs/auxiliaryverbs.html
 

 

Wh - Questions

 Wh- Questions

Wh- Questions allow a speaker to find out more information about topics. They are as follows:

When? Where? Who? Why? How? What?

Time Place Person Reason Manner Object/Idea/Action

Other words can also be used to inquire about specific information:

Which (one)? Whose? Whom? How much? How many? How long? How often? How far? What kind (of)?

Choice of alternatives Possession Person (objective formal) Price, amount (non-count) Quantity (count) Duration Frequency Distance Description

The "grammar" used with wh- questions depends on whether the topic being asked about is the "subject" or "predicate" of a sentence. For the subject pattern, simply replace the person or thing being asked about with the appropriate wh-word. 

(Someone has my baseball.) (Something is bothering you.)

Who has my baseball? What is bothering you?

For the predicate pattern, wh- question formation depends on whether there is an "auxiliary" verb in the original sentence. Auxiliary or "helping" verbs are verbs that precede main verbs. Auxiliary verbs are italicized in the following sentences.

I can do it. They are leaving. I have eaten my lunch. I should have finished my homework. 

 

To make a question using the predicate pattern, first form a yes/no question by inverting the subject and (first) auxiliary verb. Then, add the appropriate wh- word to the beginning of the sentence.

(You will leave some time.)	? will you leave When will you leave?
(He is doing something.)	? is he doing What is he doing?
(They have been somewhere.)	? have they been Where have they been?

If there is no auxiliary and the verb is "be," invert the subject and verb, then add the appropriate wh- word to the beginning of the sentence.

(He is someone.)	? is he Who is he?
(The meeting was some time.)	? was the meeting When was the meeting?

If there is no auxiliary and the verb is not "be," add do to the beginning of the sentence. Then add the appropriate wh-question word. Be sure to "transfer" the tense and number from the main verb to the word do.

(You want something.)	? do you want What do you want?
(You went somewhere.)	? did you go (past tense) Where did you go?
(She likes something.)	? does she like (third person -s) What does she like?

Questions with question words - be

Question word	Verb	Rest	Answer
Where	are	you from?	I'm from Stuttgart.
What	is	your name?	My name is Peter.
How	are	Pat and Sue?	They're fine.

Questions with question words - have

Question word	Auxiliary	Subject	Verb	Rest	Answer
Where	have	you	got	your ruler?	I've got it in my pencil case.
Where	do	you	have	your ruler?	I have it in my pencil case.

Questions with question words in the Simple Present

Question word	Auxiliary	Subject	Verb	Rest	Answer
What	do	you	play	on your computer?	I play games on my computer.
When	does	your mother	go	to work?	She goes to work at 6 o'clock.
Where	do	you	meet	your friends?	I meet them at the bus stop.

Questions with question words in the Simple Past

Question word	Auxiliary	Subject	Verb	Rest	Answer
What	did	you	do	yesterday evening?	I did my homework.
When	did	she	meet	her boyfriend?	She met him yesterday.
Where	did	they	go	after the match?	They went to a café.

Where

were

you

yesterday?

I was at the cinema.

Subject question

Question word	Verb	Rest	Subject	Verb	Object - Place - Time
Who	runs	to the shop?	Peter	runs	to the shop.

Object question

Question word	Auxiliary	Subject	Verb	Rest	Answer
Who	do	you	like?		I like my mum.
Who	did	Mandy	phone	last Monday?	Mandy phoned her uncle.

Subject question			Object question
Who	phoned	John?	Who	did	John	phone?

Who do you love?

Funny Game

For practice Exercise 1

                Exercise 2

                Exercise 3

You can see http://www.englisch-hilfen.de/en/grammar/frage.htm

                 http://esl.about.com/od/grammar/a/a_questionword.htm

                 http://www.ecenglish.com/learnenglish/how-use-wh-questions

There is/There are

There is/There are is a common phrase in English, used to indicate that something ?exists? or is in a certain location. The main subject follows the verb when there is/are is used.  There is an apple on the table. There are some apples on the table. Other forms of ?be? can also be used with there is/there are. There will be a party at Bill's house on Saturday. There were four witnesses at the crime scene. There have been two robberies in the last five months. Contractions are possible, but they are mostly used informally in speech. There's a fly in my soup.There're plenty of oranges left. There'll be a lot of people in attendance. There's is by far the most common contraction, and it is sometimes used inadvertently with plural subjects by native speakers. There's ten people outside! Common mistakes Since the expression there is/are usually has no equivalent in other languages, students sometimes use have instead.  Have a lot of food on the table. It has a lot of food on the table. There have a lot of food on the table. There is a lot of food on the table. (Incorrect) (Incorrect) (Incorrect) (Correct)  Exercise 1. There is / are?are many animals in the zoo.

2. There is / are?is a snake in the window.

3. There is / are?is a zebra in the grass.

4. There is / are?are lions in the zoo, too.

5. There is / are?are many baby lions near their parents.

6. There is / are?is a bird next to the tree.

7. There is / are?are many monkeys in the trees.

8. There is / are?is an elephant in the zoo.

9. There is / are?is some water in the lake near the elephants.

10. There is / are?are birds in the zoo.

11. There is / are?are many people visiting the animals today.

12. There is / are?are many children, too.

13. There is / are?is a gorilla in the tree.

14. There is / are?is some grass under the tree.

15. There is / are?are bananas in the tree with the gorilla.

16. There is / are?are many birds near the gorilla.

17. There is / are?is a rock near the tree.

18. There is / are?are many sharks in the aquarium.

19. There is / are?is an eel in the aquarium, too.

20. There is / are?is lots of water for the fish.

21. There is / are?are many animals to see at the zoo.

Verb to be

Verb to be

The verbs am, is, are, was, and were are all forms of the verb be. The verb be does not show action. It tells what someone or something is or is like.

The verbs 'am', 'is', and 'are' tell what someone or something is now.

I am a painter. He is a painter. You are a painter.

Was and were tell what someone or something was in the past.

She was an artist.
You were an artist.

They were all artists.
You were all artists.

Use am, is, and was with I, she, he and it.

I am
she is
he is

it is
I was
she was

he was
it was

AM - IS - ARE

Long form	Short form	Example	Negation	Question
I am	I'm	I am late.	I am not late.	Am I late?
You are	You're	You are clever.	You are not (aren't) clever.	Are you clever?
He is	He's	He is happy.	He is not (isn't) happy.	Is he happy?
She is	She's	She is hungry.	She is not (isn't) hungry.	Is she hungry?
It is	It's	It is cold.	It is not (isn't) cold.	Is it cold?
We are	We're	We are late.	We are not (aren't) late.	Are we late?
You are	You're	You are sleepy.	You are not (aren't) sleepy.	Are you sleepy?
They are	They're	They are great.	They are not (aren't) great	Are they great?

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Verb to be